Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today...

Charles M. Menne Composition Mrs. Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefully help new players who are looking for an edge on the competition to refrain from the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Along with the harmful side effects players can experience from anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse, it also hurts the integrity of professional sports as a whole. Allowing players access to intervention programs and treatment can help to curb the widespread use of AAS. My goal in this paper is to show what anabolic-androgenic steroids are, why they impact sports in a negative way, and why they give professional athletes an unfair advantage and shouldn’t be a factor in sports. Anabolic-androgenic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs has always been a forbidden thing in sports, but have just recently come into the spotlight again. According to Machado and Cortez-Pinto, â€Å"Anabolic–androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, the main male sex hormone† (280). Athletes mainly take anabolic-androgenic steroids toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Use of Steroids in Baseball4327 Words   |  18 PagesUse of Steroids in Baseball Since Major League Baseball all-star Ken Caminiti openly admitted to Sports Illustrated to have used steroids during his career, steroid use as a muscle and performance enhancer has been uncovered and become a big issue Major League Baseball is wrestling with. The â€Å"ongoing and delicate subject, baseball’s dirty, little secret that is no secret anymore,† is a huge and growing problem (Curry B20). Now that light has been shed on the issue, critics are beginning toRead MoreDrugs Are Bad Or Bad?2007 Words   |  9 PagesDrugs are bad, Mmkay? What doesn t kill us makes us stronger right? Well that s what athletes of this generation believe. They think if steroids or human growth hormones don t kill us and cause us to become stronger then it s totally worth it. Performance enhancement drugs are very harmful to a person s body and can cause huge Problems in an individual s life. Someone can have just a hint of these substances in their system from that time they tore a muscle and needed that edge to come back

The Collapse of Communism in the USSR, Central, and...

The collapse of communism in the USSR and Central and Eastern Europe Before we move on to our essay on to analyse The Collapse of Communism in USSR and Central and Eastern Europe and the reasons behind its collapse, we should discuss and understand the definition of Communism. â€Å" Communism is a social system in which all the resources, economic activities are owned by state or country. † It is a system in which wealth is dispersed equally among the people and there is no private ownership of the resources and wealth. The state owns and controls resources and property. Soviet model of communism was based on these ideals, all the opposition parties were banned only who shared the communist ideals were allowed. Complete power was into the hands of the Communist party. In 1917, the Soviet Union witnessed the Bolshevik Revolution which overthrew the czarism and a communist state was born. The Central and Eastern Europe nations followed USSR and adopted communism, with their leaders directly under the command and control of the Soviet Union. Communism was doomed from the start due to the moral weakness of human mankind and the corruption of its leaders. The first reason which played role in the failure and collapse of communism was the fact that the Communist partys domination was illegitimate from the beginning. Eastern European countries did the revolution have the supp ort of more than a minority of people, yet this minority retained absolute control. The communistShow MoreRelatedCollapse Of The Soviet Union Inevitable1334 Words   |  6 Pages Final Draft: Collapse of the Soviet Union Was the collapse of the Soviet Union inevitable? Kenneth Mejia U.S. History Period 5 5/18/201 Throughout history, war has been the most common resort for nations to solve problems or show off their strength. 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And if the USSR would break through these political barriers, the rest of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and even India would be in peril. In other words- there would be an obvious dominance of Communism, which could not be allowed, as it would disrupt the growing idyll of capitalism and democracy. The only way that Greece and Turkey may be saved is with the intervention of the USA. USA had to contribute to the suspension of communism, because GreatRead MoreThe Legacy Of A Free Market Economy Essay2380 Words   |  10 Pagesto revive their country. This opposition was enabled by another policy of Gorbachev’s–Glasnost, which allowed the citizens to openly criticize the government. This growing discontent due to the handling of domestic issues by Gorbachev impacted the collapse of the Soviet Union by further debilitating the economy and raising opposition to the Soviet model as the people saw it no longer was prosperous nor able to sustain the needs of the nation and its citizens. Thus, while external factors played a roleRead MoreThe Soviet Union Responsible For The Consolidation Of Communism1776 Words   |  8 Pageswhat extent was the Soviet Union responsible for the consolidation of communism in Eastern Europe in the period 1945-1953? Introduction During the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet Union was primarily responsible for the consolidation of communism in Eastern Europe. †¢ It was in the spring of 1948 that the Soviet Union had aggressively pushed for the imposition of Communist rule in most East European nations o Eastern Europe under Communist rule was comprised of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, PolandRead More The Collapse of the Soviet Union Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe Collapse of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was a global superpower, possessing the largest armed forces on the planet with military bases from Angola in Africa, to Vietnam in South-East Asia, to Cuba in the Americas. When Mikhail Gorbachev succeeded Konstantin Chernenko as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, nobody expected than in less than seven years the USSR would disintergrate into fifteen separate states. GorbachevsRead MoreCold War Final Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesconcluded and another one just begun. Even though there was not a direct military campaign between two key adversaries, the Cold War continued roughly about 45 years. It is named Cold because there was no actual fighting took place, but both the U.S. and USSR were bulking up their militaries to attack as if they had been or infiltrated or attacked. 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The Second World War left the majority of European states in serious economic trouble; ‘economies were suffering with open and repressed inflation, disruptive food and raw material shortages’, and the destruction of industry from bombing left production stagnant, consequently leading to the collapse of trade and widespread commodity hoarding in Europe. The political state of the continent was therefore volatile, as Europe cooperation struggledRead MoreThe Perestroika Reform And Glasnost Policy Programs1716 Words   |  7 Pageslead to the collapse of the Soviet Union and failure of communism in Eastern Europe. This essay will focus on how the Perestroika reform and Glasnost policy programs as well as other external and internal pressures contributed to the failure of communism under Gorbachev. The aim of the Perestroika and Glasnost reforms was to restructure and strengthen the Soviet political and economic system and provide more freedom and democracy within the Soviet Union while strengthening Communism. However, these

Biology 1202 Notes Free Essays

Thursday January 17 Mastering biology course id=MBPOLLACK01639 Life first appeared on earth about 4 billion years ago Origin of life is a hypothesis not a theory Very little oxygen in early earths atmosphere Spontaneous generation of life- random formation of life Millions of species on earth, up to 100 million the expirement of miller and urey showed what? test question a few centuries ago: eople thought that new living things appeared all of the time(spontaneous generation of life) ex: mold growing on food in the mid 1800s Louis Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life he basically left something out but sealed it off and nothing grew on it, then he left it out without being sealed and stuff grew the cell theory- all existing cells come from pre-existing cells about 50 trillion cells make up the human body but all came from the single diploid cell formed from conception conditions on early earth: tmosphere- similar to Jupiter today, no free oxygen, frequent storms with lots of lightning, volcano eruptions, meteor impacts, UV light from the sun, no ozone layer earth before life arose: about 4. 6 billion years old, known because of radiometric dating of meteorites and moon rocks life arose about 3. 8 billion years ago, known because of chemical traces in the rocks, fossilized bacteria was found in rocks 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology 1202 Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 billion years ago no spontaneous generation now but must have happened then how to assemble a living thing: accumulation of organic molecules atalyze reactions reproduce from stored genetic info separate the living thing from the outside environment 3 domains of life- bacteria, archaea, eukarya proteins are needed to synthesize more DNA DNA is used to synthesize RNA which is used to make protein†¦DNA-RNA-Protein Ribozymes: RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions, especially those involved in synthesis and processing of RNA itself Conclusion- earliest cells used RNA to store info Ribozymes used to catalyze reactions Thursday January 24th Our species has been here for about 200,000 years PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION Theory- general explanation of natural phenomena, developed through extensive and reproducible observations Hypothesis- tentative explanation of observations, educated guess The origin of species was a book published in 1859 by Charles Darwin Main points of book: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals Natural selection is the mechanism Observation 1-living things tend to reproduce as quickly as possible. Observation 2-constant population size over time (carrying capacity) Inference- competition for survival; differential reproductive success â€Å"I don’t like dogs. They all smell like dogs and poop on my lawn† variability in structures and behaviors all of this leads to natural selection, organisms best suited to an environment leave the most offspring evolution- the genetic makeup of a population changes over time, driven by natural selection evolution- a change in the allele frequency of a population over time study pakicetus slide 1/29/13 homologous structures suggest common ancestry some homologous structures look different today because of divergent evolution 300 million years ago is when we started to see the type of mammalian limbs similar to the structure today analogous tructures=convergent evolution analogous structure do NOT suggest common ancestry similar environmental forces select for similar structures in unrelated organisms vestigial structures- rudimentary form of and organ more fully formed in ancestor â€Å"evolutionary baggage† vestigial structures are a type of homologous structure WHAT IS DARWINS POINT ON EAR? ON TEST Developmental biology- the biology of studying organisms from the unicellular stage onward WATCH DARWIN VIDEO All living things have DNA and transcribe it into RNA using amino acids Artificial selection- insecticides, antibiotics etc. Know 3 types of natural selection 1. irectional selection 2. stabilizing selection 3. disruptive selection 1/31/13 evolution of populations GregorMendel- monk who did pea expirements and shed light on the rules of inheritance He worked at the same time as Darwin but his work was overlooked until the 20th century The modern synthesis(early 1940s) – a conceptual synthesis of Darwinian evolution, mendelian inheritance, and modern population genetics Evolution- a change in phenotypic constitution of a population owing to a situation on heritable variation among pheneotypes that changes the genotypic constitution of the population Phenotype- all expressed traits of an organism Genotype- the entire genetic makeup of an individual Evolution-a change in allele frequency in a population(change in the gene pool) Population genetics-examines the frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles within a population Hardy-weinberg equilibrium- the pop genetics theorem that states that the frequencies of alleles and enotypes in a population will remain constant unless acted upon by non-mendelian processes Allele frequencies- under strict mendelian inheritance, allele frequencies would remain constant from on generation to the next(hardy-weinberg equilibrium) If there is no change in allele frequency there is no evolution Biological species concept- a population whose members can potentially interbreed in NATURE to produce viable reproductive offspring Reproductive barriers- isolate populations from one another Speciation- the process by which new species form EXAM 1 Two requirement for speciation- reproductive isolation of populations(gene flow significantly reduced) and genetic divergence(divergent evolution) Tuesday feb 5 Convergent evolution- no common ancestor with that trait, similar environmental things caused the same evolution Divergent evolution- comes from common ancestors but over time the trait changes Proto means before External barriers Skin-physical barrier to microbial entry, inhospitable environment for growth; dry, dead cells at surface ; sweat/sebaceous glands secreting acids and natural antibiotics like lactic acid Mucuous mebranes of respiratory and digestive tracts well-defined; secretions have antibacterial enzymes Cilia-line the inside of trachea; epithelial cells-smokers cough is from lack of cilia Stomach; if microbes are swallowed, acids(low pH) and protein-digesting enzymes destroy them Lines of defense: Nonspecififc internal defense: Phagocytosis cells: white blood cells in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape,destroy microbes by phagocytosis-search out bacteria, viral particles, cellular debris-produced in bone marrow. Target stuff that is not in your cells **questions about lymphatic system on exam natural killer cells- white blood cells that destroy body cells infected by viruses and cancerous cells by punching hole in them inflammatory response- caused by large scale microbial invasion through a wound istamine released in response to damage which leads to an increased blood flow at and around the wound in order to wash out the wound. Which leads to inflammation other chemicals- macrophages blood clotting fever= response to microbes establishing major infection. Low grade fever 100-102 can be beneficial slows down microbial reproduction enhances immune system immune response- reaction to specific type of microbe and provides future protection. Involves 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes-B cells and T cells B cells mature in bone marrow T cells are born in marrow but mature in thymus /26/13 humeral cells is same as B cells its called specific immune response because only the cell with the appropriate antibody responds 23,00 coding genes in our genome 3 types of amino acids- hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ones that can make hydrosulfide bridges most proteins form well with other proteins an antibody is made of four different types of proteins so it takes 4 specific proteins for it to react? Immune system distinguishes self from non self by destroying cells that respond to the body’s own molecules Body randomly makes 100,000,000 different antibodies antigen can bind to 1 specific antibody epitope- the three different site where antibodies can bind on a single antigen allergies: type of immune response allergen-recognized as a foreign antigen and binds to B cell – coordinated by the humoral immunity response B cell makes plasma cells, releasing allergy antibodies into the bloodstream Antibodies bind to histamine-containing cells in connective tissue Cells release histamine causing inflammatory response such as mucus 1. irst exposure to pollen stimulates B cells to produce allergy plasma cell 2. plasma cells produce allergy antibodies 3. allergy antibodies bind to mast cells 4. re-exposure to pollen results in pollen binding to allergy antibodies on mast cells 5. binding f pollen stimulates mast cells to release histamine, triggering the inflammatory response allergy medication antihistamines others inhibit production of histamine producing cells people without allergies lack genes for allergy-causing antibodies, or produce less of the antibody ormation of a pimple acne develops as a result of blockages In follicles formation of a plug or keratin and sebum(made of fat and the debris of dead fat-producing cells) the natural occurring bacteria propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation the white blood cells build up(forming a whitehead) and then destroy (by phag ocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection chicken pox and shingles caused by same virus symptoms are very different after you have had the chicken pox, you become immune to the virus. It is impossible that you may have a slight reaction after re-exposure, such as a few spots and a slight fever. However, you will not get a full blown case of chicken pox more than once shingles: causing agent for herpes zoster is varicella zoster virus, a double stranded DNA virus most people are infected with this virus as children, and suffer from an episode of chickenpox the immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord or the ganglion semilunare in the base of the skull How to cite Biology 1202 Notes, Essay examples

Fluorescent and Nonfluorescent Cytosolic †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Fluorescent and Nonfluorescent Cytosolic. Answer: Introduction Wounds are common symptoms in skin caused by surgery or traumas. The coordinated process of wound healing restores functional barrier and epithelium integrity through blood coagulation, inflammation, in re-epithelialization caused by migration of keratinocytes, tissue formation by granulation and finally remodeling of the tissue. Integrins receptors play an essential role in all events of wound and scar healing by the forming and regulation cell adhesion (Weber et al., 2012). In this following report, we will design an experimental model in order to discuss the role of specific function-blocking integrin antibodies in healing and reducing the scars formed by burns through scarless invivo mechanism. During the process of wound healing the, cell interaction occurs with ECM molecules in the wound comprising the integrin receptors. Evidence has showed that integrins bind with various ECM molecules and alternately the various integrin heterodimers recognizes the ECM molecules management. Therefore, based on their specific overlapping and compensating functions, many integrin based knockout animals have displayed phenotypes of wound healing. Many extensive interactions are found in the different cells of wound healing. The major components that play a key role during the interactions are ECM proteins and integrins (Olczyk, Mencner Komosinska-Vassev, 2014). The functions of some of the specific integrin antibodies that play a vital role in wound healing are provided below: Integrin Expressed wound cells Ligands present in Wounds Cellular functions during wound healing Wound phenotypes present in animal models M2 Macrophages, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells Fibrinogen, plasminogen ICAMs, heparin, FN, LMs, COL I, uPAR, CCN1/Cyr6, CCN2/CTGF This integrin in mediates in leukocyte extravasations throughout the endothelium that promotes fibrinolysis and clears the fibrin clots aided by monocytes and neutrophils complied with uPar along with its ligand uPA Mediates the attenuation of deposited granulated tissue and re-epithelialization of wound found in Mintegrin knockout mice X2 Monocytes, dentritic cells macrophages and NK Fibrinogen, various ICAMs, COL I, OPN and heparin Involved in the mechanism of leukocyte extravasations No data available related to wound healing L2 Expressed in all leukocytes ICAMs, JAM-1 and lumican Causes the leukocyte extravasations throughout the endothelium No data available related to wound healing E7 T-lymphocytes and dentritic cells E-cadherin Also involved in leukocyte extravasations Involved in causing inflammation in skin lesions found in Eintegrin knockout model of mice but no data are available with respect to wound healing Source: (Koivisto et al., 2014) Thus, in order to understand the mechanism of the specific integrins tabulated above in the process of wound healing, an experimental model based on scarless in vivo is designed involved in healing the wounds due to burn. To experimental model was conducted through evaluation of three processes for proposing the animal model successfully in vivo such as indirect Immunofluorescence microscopy, Light microscopy and Western blot analysis management. In indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, light microscope combined with fluorescence microscope is used to identify the target molecules by visualizing the specificity of antibodies towards their antigen by marking with fluorescent dye such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (Atale et al., 2014). Another procedure that will be implemented in this experiment will be through light microscopy which is used to magnify small samples with the use of visible light and lenses (Tomer et al., 2014). And finally, western blot analysis will also be done to successfully evaluate the experimental study. In western blot proteins are detected and analyzed. The proteins are separated from the gel into a membrane through the process of electrophoresis and are specifically visualized (Eaton et al., 2013). 2-month-old male and female C57BL/6 mice will be taken. The body weight should be around 2540 grams. The male and female mice should be housed individually. The animals should have access to free drinking water and standard chow. They should be maintained on a cycle of 12 hours light and darkness. The study will be carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations by the Australian Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Guinea Pigs and Rabbits. The protocol will be approved by Australianand New Zealand Society forLaboratory AnimalScience (Whittaker, 2014). A single surgery will be performed under Xylasine or Ketamine anesthesia, and all efforts will be maintained to reduce the animal suffering. In vivo scar healing experiment Even burn wounds will be ensured by shaving off the hair on the dorsum. The dorsum is considered as an ideal choice because it becomes difficult for the mice to reach the wound area and create further injuries in that region. The mouse will be placed on its back in a plastic frame template, and a window will expose a predetermined skin surface area. The exposed area from the template will be immersed in a water bath at 100C for 8 seconds. This will inflict a thickness burn (Domergue, Jorgensen Nol, 2015). The mice will be observed for any pain or discomfort signs and will be treated with buprenorphine if required. The temperature of water bath and the exposure time can vary. The healing process will be monitored and evaluated for many days during the first week under a slit lamp and then once every week. Unwounded skin from identical locations of WT and FMOD/animals were collected as controls. Tissue samples for histology will be bisected between two 40 nylon sutures and they will be fixed in 10% formalin (Wosgrau et al., 2015). After fixation, the samples will be dehydrated. They will be embedded in paraffin followed by and 5-m section cuts for HE staining. Indirect Immunofluorescence Microscopy For frozen sections, the tissues will be frozen in OCT, 5m sections will be cut.Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) will be performed. The primary antibodies will be used on the mounts incubated at 4C overnight: M2, L2 and E7. Secondary that is conjugated to either rhodamine or fluorescein will be used with blocking conditions. The incubation period of the sections will be 1 hour in room temperature. Donkey antihuman IgG or donkey antirat IgG will be used (Stelzer, 2015). Sections will be cover slipped DAPI mounting media followed by examination under a confocal microscope or fluorescence microscope with a digital camera. We will run negative controls where there was omission of primary antibodies. We will observe at least 3 tissues per antibody. The captured images on the confocal microscope will be evaluated with software for image analysis like Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD or Image Pro Plus v.7. The tissues will be fixed either in 4% paraformaldehyde for HE (hematoxylin-eosin) or Karnovsky's with strength for TEM (transmission electron microscopy). For TEM,the scarred tissues, 6090 ? thick will be cut on ultramicrotome and examined under an electron microscope. For HE, we will cut and stain 6-m sections. The sections will be examined under a light microscope that has a digital camera fitted with it. Western Blot Analysis Epithelial tissue will be scraped from the mice after scarring it in by using a water bath following euthanization management. The tissues will be subjected to flash freezing in liquid nitrogen. Furthermore, they will be processed for Western blot analysis. Eight sections of tissues will be used for each experiment. Tissues will be homogenized and lysed. Protein will be subjected to purification and assay using Biorad; Hercules, CA. Total proteins will be loaded in equal amounts on a nonreducing Tris-glycine gel (4%20%). The proteins will be transferred to an Immobilon-P or Millipore membrane which will be stained with Sigma or Ponceau S. This will check transfer efficiency (Taylor Posch, 2014). Membranes will be blocked with TBS containing 5% milk and probed with the primary antibodies M2, L2 and E7and will be incubated at 4C overnight. These membranes will be incubated with a secondary antibody that is conjugated with HRP at room temperature for 1 hour: donkey antihuman IgG (M2) o r donkey antirabbit IgG (E7). Chemiluminiscence with Millipore will be used to visualize immunoreactive bands. The same procedure will be repeated thrice. ImageJ v.1.5 software will be used to measure the intensity of the bands. Prism 5.0 will be used to plot the fold enhancement values. Conclusion Thus from the following discussion, an experimental design can thus be constructed in order to study the underlying mechanism of some specific integrins involved in improving the healing and thereby reduce the scar formed in burns. From this experiment it can be detected whether the specific integrins have been upregulated inside the epithelium during the healing of burn scars in mice. This will provide evidence for understanding the mechanisms of excessive scarring and wounds. It will help to design novel therapeutic approaches and interventions that will utilize integrins as targets for scar reduction. References Atale, N., Gupta, S., Yadav, U. C. S., Rani, V. (2014). Cell?death assessment by fluorescent and nonfluorescent cytosolic and nuclear staining techniques.Journal of microscopy,255(1), 7-19. Domergue, S., Jorgensen, C., Nol, D. (2015). Advances in research in animal models of burn-related hypertrophic scarring.Journal of Burn Care Research,36(5), e259-e266. Eaton, S. L., Roche, S. L., Hurtado, M. L., Oldknow, K. J., Farquharson, C., Gillingwater, T. H., Wishart, T. M. (2013). Total protein analysis as a reliable loading control for quantitative fluorescent Western blotting.PloS one,8(8), e72457. Koivisto, L., Heino, J., Hkkinen, L., Larjava, H. (2014). Integrins in wound healing.Advances in wound care,3(12), 762-783. Olczyk, P., Mencner, ?., Komosinska-Vassev, K. (2014). The role of the extracellular matrix components in cutaneous wound healing.BioMed research international,2014. Stelzer, E. H. (2015). Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy for quantitative biology.Nature methods,12(1), 23-26. Taylor, S. C., Posch, A. (2014). The design of a quantitative western blot experiment.BioMed research international,2014. Tomer, R., Ye, L., Hsueh, B., Deisseroth, K. (2014). Advanced CLARITY for rapid and high-resolution imaging of intact tissues.Nature protocols,9(7), 1682. Weber, C. E., Li, N. Y., Wai, P. Y., Kuo, P. C. (2012). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-, and osteopontin in wound healing and tissue remodeling after injury.Journal of burn care research: official publication of the American Burn Association,33(3), 311. Whittaker, A. (2014). Animal research regulation in Australia-does it pass the test of robustness?. Wosgrau, A. C. C., da Silva Jeremias, T., Leonardi, D. F., Pereima, M. J., Di Giunta, G., Trentin, A. G. (2015). Comparative experimental study of wound healing in mice: pelnac versus integra.PloS one,10(3), e0120322.

Battle of the Coral Sea in World War II

Battle of the Coral Sea in World War II The Battle of the Coral Sea was fought May 4-8, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) as the Allies sought to halt the Japanese capture of New Guinea. During the opening months of World War in the Pacific, the Japanese won a string of stunning victories which saw them capture Singapore, defeat an Allied fleet in the Java Sea, and force American and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula to surrender. Pushing south through the Dutch East Indies, the Imperial Japanese Naval General Staff had initially desired to mount an invasion of northern Australia to prevent that country from being used as base. This plan was vetoed by the Imperial Japanese Army which lacked the manpower and shipping capability to sustain such an operation. To secure the Japanese southern flank, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, commander of the Fourth Fleet, advocated for taking all of New Guinea and occupying the Solomon Islands. This would eliminate the last Allied base between Japan and Australia as well as would provide a security perimeter around Japans recent conquests in the Dutch East Indies. This plan was approved as it would also bring northern Australia within range of Japanese bombers and would offer jumping off points for operations against Fiji, Samoa, and New Caledonia. The fall of these islands would effectively sever Australias lines of communication with the United States. Japanese Plans Dubbed Operation Mo, the Japanese plan called for three Japanese fleets sortie from Rabaul in April 1942. The first, led by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima, was tasked with taking Tulagi in the Solomons and establishing a seaplane base on the island. The next, commanded by Rear Admiral Koso Abe, consisted of the invasion force that would strike the main Allied base on New Guinea, Port Moresby. These invasion forces were screened by Vice Admiral Takeo Takagis covering force centered around the carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku and the light carrier Shoho. Arriving at Tulagi on May 3, Japanese forces quickly occupied the island and set up a seaplane base. Allied Response Throughout the spring of 1942, the Allies remained informed about Operation Mo and Japanese intentions through radio intercepts. This largely occurred as a result of American cryptographers breaking the Japanese JN-25B code. Analysis of the Japanese messages led the Allied leadership to conclude that a major Japanese offensive would occur in the Southwest Pacific during the early weeks of May and that Port Moresby was the likely target. Responding to this threat, Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, ordered all four of his carrier groups to the area. These included Task Forces 17 and 11, centered on the carriers USS Yorktown  (CV-5)  and USS Lexington  (CV-2) respectively, which were already in the South Pacific. Vice Admiral William F. Halseys Task Force 16, with the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), which had just returned to Pearl Harbor from the Doolittle Raid, was also ordered south but would not arrive in time for the battle. Fleets Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher2 carriers, 9 cruisers, 13 destroyers Japanese Vice Admiral Takeo TakagiVice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue2 carriers, 1 light carrier, 9 cruisers, 15 destroyers Fighting Begins Led by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, Yorktown and TF17 raced to the area and launched three strikes against Tulagi on May 4, 1942. Hitting the island hard, they badly damaged the seaplane base and eliminated its reconnaissance capabilities for the coming battle. In addition, Yorktowns aircraft sank a destroyer and five merchant ships. Steaming south, Yorktown joined Lexington later that day. Two days later, land-based B-17s from Australia spotted and attacked the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Bombing from high-altitude, they failed to score any hits. Throughout the day both carrier groups searched for each other with no luck as cloudy skies limited visibility. With night setting in, Fletcher made the difficult decision to detach his main surface force of three cruisers and their escorts. Designated Task Force 44, under the command of Rear Admiral John Crace, Fletcher ordered them to block the probable course of the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Sailing without air cover, Craces ships would be vulnerable to Japanese air strikes. The next day, both carrier groups resumed their searches. Scratch One Flattop While neither found the others main body, they did locate secondary units. This saw Japanese aircraft attack  and sink the destroyer USS Sims as well as cripple the oiler USS Neosho. American aircraft were luckier as they located Shoho.   Caught with most of its aircraft group below decks, the carrier was lightly defended against the combined air groups of the two American carriers. Led by Commander William B. Ault,  Lexingtons aircraft opened the attack shortly after 11:00 AM and scored hits with two bombs and five torpedoes. Burning and nearly stationary,  Shoho  was finished off by  Yorktowns aircraft. The sinking of Shoho led Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon of Lexington  to radio the famous phrase  scratch one flattop.   On May 8, scout planes from each fleet found the enemy around 8:20 AM. As a result, strikes were launched by both sides between 9:15 AM and 9:25 AM. Arriving over Takagis force,  Yorktowns aircraft, led by Lieutenant Commander William O. Burch,  began attacking Shokaku  at 10:57 AM. Hidden in a nearby squall,  Zuikaku  escaped their attention. Hitting Shokaku  with two 1,000 lb. bombs, Burchs men caused severe damage before departing. Reaching the area at 11:30 AM,  Lexingtons planes landed another bomb hit on the crippled carrier. Unable to conduct combat operations, Captain  Takatsugu Jojima  received permission to withdraw his ship from the area.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Japanese Strike Back While the US pilots were having success, Japanese aircraft were approaching the American carriers.   These were detected by  Lexingtons CXAM-1 radar and F4F Wildcat fighters were directed to intercept.   While some of the enemy aircraft were downed, several commenced runs  on  Yorktown  and  Lexington shortly after 11:00 AM.   Japanese torpedo attacks on the former failed, while the latter sustained two hits by Type 91 torpedoes.   These assaults were followed by dive bombing attacks which scored a hit on  Yorktown  and two on  Lexington.  Damage crews raced to save Lexington and succeeded in restoring the the carrier to operational condition.    As these efforts were concluding, sparks from an electric motor ignited a fire which led to a series of fuel-related explosions. In a short time, the resulting fires became uncontrollable. With the crew unable to extinguish the flames, Captain Frederick C. Sherman ordered Lexington  abandoned. After the crew was evacuated, the destroyer USS  Phelps  fired five torpedoes into the burning carrier to prevent its capture. Blocked in their advance and with Craces force in place, the overall Japanese commander, Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, ordered the invasion force to return to port. Aftermath A strategic victory, the Battle of the Coral Sea cost Fletcher the carrier Lexington, as well as the destroyer Sims and the oiler Neosho. Total killed for the Allied forces was 543. For the Japanese, the battle losses included Shoho, one destroyer, and 1,074 killed. In addition, Shokaku was badly damaged and Zuikakus air group greatly reduced. As a result, both would miss the Battle of Midway in early June. While Yorktown was damaged, it was quickly repaired at Pearl Harbor and raced back to sea to aid defeating the Japanese.

How to Build an Awesome Marketing Stack With Real Life Examples

How to Build an Awesome Marketing Stack With Real Life Examples Tools are only as good as your ability to use them. That much is true. However, without the right tools, it’s impossible to do your job well. That’s why modern marketing teams must be thoughtful and strategic about how they build their marketing technology stacks. By aligning the right tools and technologies with each step in your marketing process, you can ensure you’re well-equipped to work efficiently and effectively to tackle tough challenges. In this post, we’ll cover three key points: What should an effective marketing stack include? What does a marketing stack look like when it’s mapped out? Which tools should your business consider adopting? Plus, we’ll give you the inside scoop on the exact marketing tools and technologies we’ve used to build into North Dakota’s fastest-growing startup. See ’s Marketing Technology Stack has quickly grown into the industry’s preferred marketing calendar solution. Here are some quick stats highlighting our growth: More than one million unique monthly page views. More than 200,000 email subscribers. More than 60,000 total social media followers. How did we do it? By executing an agile marketing strategy with the right tools and technologies (including our own). Want to see which marketing tools uses today? Snag our free infographic and take a look.How to Build an Awesome Marketing Stack With Real Life Examples by @brebergstromWhat Is A Marketing Technology Stack? According to Optimizely, a marketing technology stack is: A grouping of technologies that marketers leverage to conduct and improve their marketing activities. Why Does My Organization Need A Marketing Stack? Modern marketing is nearly impossible to do well without tools. By choosing the best technologies for each task and area of need, marketing departments can give themselves the edge over competition while working more effectively and efficiently. What Does A Marketing Stack Look Like? The specific tools that make up a marketing technology stack may vary from one organization to another. Each tool in your stack needs to fulfill a specific obligation, like letting your social media strategists post content more often for example. A typical marketing tool stack will look something like this: What does a #marketing stack look like?What Tools Make Up A Full Marketing Stack? A marketing tool stack is usually made up of one or more tools across multiple categories. Here are all the different types of tools we’ll cover in this post: Table of Contents Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Tools Customer Support Tools Email Marketing Tools Social Media Marketing Tools Marketing Project Management Tools Social Listening and Brand Monitoring Tools Landing Page Tools Content Management System (CMS) Tools Analytics Tools SEO Tools Online Advertising Tools Video Tools Automation Tools Content Curation Tools Keep reading to learn more about the different tools in each of these categories. DID YOU KNOW: makes it easy to plan and execute every project on one leading marketing calendar solution? Start your free trial or schedule a demo today. CRM Tools Customer relationship management (CRM) tools allow organizations to track detailed customer data and maintain relationships with them. Source: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/d27b1c65-986e-4a4f-a491-5e8eb23980be/entry/2017_CRM_Statistics_Show_Why_it_s_a_Powerful_Marketing_Weapon?lang=en If you’re looking for a CRM, check out these options. Salesforce Salesforce  offers an array of marketing software solutions, including their popular CRM, with features like account and contact management, social customer service, and order management (to name a few) SalesForce helps businesses connect with customers. Infusionsoft Infusionsoft  is another versatile platform. Users can focus on customer and data management, lead scoring, and segmentation features. Infusionsoft also offers a mobile app for on the go work. Hubspot CRM Hubspot CRM  is a free tool from Hubspot. Organizations can manage their pipeline in a visible calendar, create enriched contact records for consumers, and set up personalized email sequences. Pipedrive Pipedrive  focuses on giving your customer support and sales teams a visual pipeline that lets them manage their deals, plan and organize their tasks, as well as keep track of their progress. Microsoft Dynamics Microsoft Dynamics  offers a suite of business intelligence applications that offers pre-built and custom solutions to gather and analyze consumer data (and a whole lot more). Searching for a #CRM? Check out these five recommendations: Customer Support Tools Your customer service team will need technology, too. Since customer support and marketing teams often work closely together to identify common problems customers often have, we’ve included some options here. Sources: https://www.groovehq.com/support/customer-support-statistics https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2013/12/31/why-omnichannel-strategy-matters/ Intercom Intercom  is a customer service messaging tool that allows your CS team to access your customer requests through multiple channels. They also have a built-in team inbox and powerful analytics. Zendesk Zendesk  focuses on giving users the ability to connect directly to customers to solve problems, as well as live chat options to address issues the second they appear. Freshdesk Freshdesk  allows users to work in a team inbox to manage all incoming tickets, agent collision detection to make sure multiple people aren’t working on the same ticket, and custom ticket status help keep your representatives on track. Desk.com Desk.com  is part of the Salesforce platform that is focused purely on customer support. Its features include multi-channel assistance, case management, and mobile support. TeamSupport TeamSupport  is a collaborative customer support system. Users can build customer and contact databases, create notes and alerts for each customer and it has system that lets you know the distress level of your client. Looking for customer support software? @offers five recommendations here. Email Marketing Tools Email marketing tools are an essential tool in your marketing stack. On the fence about email marketing? Maybe these three statistics will change your mind. Sources: https://www.campaignmonitor.com/blog/email-marketing/2016/01/70-email-marketing-stats-you-need-to-know/ https://blogs.constantcontact.com/email-marketing-stats/ https://marketingsherpa.com/article/case-study/customer-communication-by-channel MailChimp Mailchimp  has an easy to use interface, advanced analytics and the ability to integrate with other apps. As one of the most popular options on the market, MailChimp might be the tool you’re looking for, especially if you’re just getting started. Emma Emma  is another email marketing platform that offers the ability to create targeted messages, list segmentation, and A/B test newsletters. Aweber Aweber  is an email marketing platform that utilizes drag and drop editorial functions, an RSS to email tool that will automatically create an email for your new blog posts, and autoresponder follow-ups that send your emails to your audience at the right time. Get Response Get Response  is a multi-feature tool. Some of its abilities include built-in design templates, dynamic content that helps personalize your emails and automated autoresponders to help send your content to your consumers at the right time. Campaign Monitor Campaign Monitor  is able to build smart segments and data collection to help you give a personalized approach to your emails. There’s even marketing automation features that can help you customize the email journeys. Is your favorite #email #marketing tool on this list? Social Media Marketing Tools Social media is a staple in most every marketing plan, and the right tools can help you get it done in less time without pulling your hair out. Sources: https://www.marketingsherpa.com/article/chart/channels-preferred-by-age-groups# https://www.statista.com/topics/1538/social-media-marketing/ https://www.vendasta.com/blog/163-stunning-social-media-stats-to-savor#generalstats HootSuite Hootsuite  is a social media marketing platform that gives it’s users the ability to scale their plan based on how much content they send on their channels. Some of Hootsuite’s popular features are bulk scheduling, RSS feed integrations, and social analytics. Buffer Buffer  users can set a posting schedule, queue content, and check how their posts are doing with built-in analytics. Sprout Social Sprout Social  includes features for planning campaign content, engaging directly with your audience through the app and the ability to identify brand advocates. Meet Edgar Meet Edgar  is a strictly social media marketing tool. Its features revolve around everything automated content scheduling to an unlimited content library and category based scheduling.   is a powerful all in one marketing calendar that allows marketing teams to plan, publish, and measure content, projects, and campaigns. That includes robust social media scheduling and analytics features. First offers a drag-and-drop calendar that you can use to schedule social media content, from one-off posts to entire campaigns. Recommended Reading: What is the Best Social Media Scheduling Tool on the Market? Marketing Project Management Tools Marketing project management can seem like an impossible task. But, with the right tools, you can make it a snap. Here are some stats on why project management is so important. Wrike Wrike  is a project management tool offering real-time status updates, resource and workload management, and the ability to collaborate across teams. Asana Asana  allows teams to create custom projects, control who sees what tasks, and see the progress of projects at a glance. Basecamp Basecamp  is a team based tool that sorts  your co-workers into categories who are then given their projects, task lists and more based what team they’re on.   knows how difficult it can be to juggle multiple marketing campaigns. Our calendar lets users create different content pieces that are grouped together under one project title. From their users can give feedback, check on progress or ask questions without getting lost in an email chain or having to wondering when a deadline is coming up. Take a look at how our own team uses for marketing project management (skip to 48:00 ... or watch the entire webinar recap, we promise it's good stuff):Trello Trello  is a kanban-style tool with customizable boards, lists, and cards that allow users to see at a glance the status of their project, share updates and communicate directly in the app. See what makes @ideal for marketing project management (plus find 60+ more #marketing... Social Listening and Brand Monitoring Tools Dropping in on conversations and seeing what your audience and others have to say about your brand is a vital part of maintaining the story of your organization. With the right tools, your social media team can eliminate the tedious task of tuning in manually. Here are a few more statistics to show you why your marketing tool stack should have a monitoring tool: Sources: http://upfrontanalytics.com/social-listening/            https://sproutsocial.com/insights/social-listening/ Mention Mention  is a social listening tool that lets users monitor discussions around their brand on social and the web. Talkwalker Talkwalker  lets you monitor the conversations happening about your brand on over 150 million websites with customizable alerts and real-time response capabilities. Google Alerts Google Alerts  is an easy way to set up keyword or topic related alerts that send links directly to your email address. BrandWatch Brandwatch  lets users monitor the conversation about their brand with custom reports and demographic data about their audience and share of voice data which allows you to see how much of the conversation your brand is dominating. Buzzsumo Buzzsumo  has features that create custom alerts for content around keywords, authors, and domains. This gives a brand a chance to see what their customers are talking about and what types of content they’re consuming the most of. If you're not using #social listening tools, you're missing the conversation around your #brand.... Landing Page Tools Landing pages are the bread and butter of your website and building them correctly can make or break your organization. A tool can help make that process easier. Check out these three statistics on why you need a landing page tool. Sources: https://marketingexperiments.com/lead-generation/registration-form-optimization-steps https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/33756/Why-You-Yes-You-Need-to-Create-More-Landing-Pages.aspx?__hstc=191390709.b583dbed445186745ec403c45a67fd37.1510202030766.1510246731441.1511490465214.4__hssc=191390709.1.1511490465214__hsfp=1105613783 https://marketingexperiments.com/lead-generation/registration-form-optimization-steps Unbounce Unbounce  allows marketers to create landing pages without having to code by having multiple templates to choose from. Plus, they integrate with a ton of other tools. Leadpages Leadpages  has created features like mobile-friendly templates and drag-and-drop customization options. Instapage Instapage  is a landing page tool with the ability to create custom fonts, generate heat maps and it integrates with multiple platforms. Build landing pages quickly and easily with these three recommended tools: @unbounce @Instapage... Content Management Systems (CMS) There are a lot of content management systems out there. How do you pick the best one for your business? It all comes down to balancing budget with your unique requirements. Let’s look at some popular options, from free and open source, all the way up to commercial enterprise solutions. Contentful Contentful  is a CMS that has a rich editor interface, multi-language options, and a full media library. WordPress WordPress  lets users build everything from blogs to full-blown websites with 100s of themes to choose from. Expression Engine Expression Engine  has features like the ability to publish in multiple locations, community management tools, and flexible content types to name a few. Adobe Experience Manager The Adobe Experience Manager  has the ability to create mobile content and marketing campaigns as well as managing multiple sites. Hubspot Hubspot  allows businesses to create, edit and manage their blog content, landing pages and more all in one spot. Find the perfect #CMS for your organization (and get 60+ more #marketing #tech recommendations... Marketing Analytics Tools As a marketer, you want to be able to prove that efforts that you are putting forward are having a positive effect on your business. Having an analytics tool allows you to see what’s working, and what isn’t. Here are three reasons to show you why you should have an analytics tool in your marketing technology stack. Clicky Clicky  gives users features like heat maps and on-site analytics which are updated in real time. Google Analytics Google Analytics  has the ability to build, segmentation options, custom reports and gives it to users in real-time. Plus, integrates with Google Analytics and bit.ly to make tracking social media referral traffic easy. Piwik Piwik  has options customizable dashboards, goal conversion tracking, content tracking and site search analytics just to name a few. Kissmetrics Kissmetrics  is another analytics app that allows users to build customizable reports based on metrics and KPIs that your organization wants to track. It will enable users to A/B test almost anything as well as track activity on your website. Adobe Analytics Adobe Analytics  is another powerhouse tool from the Adobe software team. Its features include advanced segmentation, activity maps and the ability to build and see customer fallout and flow movements. DID YOU KNOW: includes robust content, social media, and team productivity analytics features? Start measuring performance here. SEO Tools Search engine optimization tools are a powerhouse when it comes to getting your organization in front of potential consumers. Targeting the right keywords at the right time can help increase the conversion potential of your audience. In case you need any more reasons to have an SEO tool check out these three statistics. Sources: https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/14416/100-Awesome-Marketing-Stats-Charts-Graphs-Data.aspx https://searchenginewatch.com/sew/study/2276184/no-1-position-in-google-gets-33-of-search-traffic-study https://www.searchenginejournal.com/24-eye-popping-seo-statistics/42665/ Moz Moz  makes it easy to do keyword research, track rankings, monitor inbound traffic, gather backlink data, crawl your site, and more. Ahrefs Ahrefs  includes features for backlink analysis, keyword research, and more. Raven Tools Raven Tools  has built an SEO auditor, a link manager, and the ability to monitor your competitors from one place. SERPs.com SERPs.com  includes access to a keyword rank checker, a keyword research database, and Google location changer. SEM Rush SEM Rush  allows users to conduct SEO research using keyword difficulty tools, backlink analysis, and a keyword research database. Which #SEO tool is your favorite: @Moz @ahrefs @semrush @serpsapp or @RavenTools ? Online Advertising Tools Online advertising has become a massive tool for marketers because of its necessity. Without a tool it becomes nearly impossible for your team to execute your ads well. Why? Because of all the different moving parts. Check out these statistics on why you should be involved with online advertising. Sources: https://www.invespcro.com/blog/effectiveness-online-advertising/ https://www.statista.com/topics/1176/online-advertising/ https://www.hubspot.com/marketing-statistics WordStream WordStream  helps users manage multiple online advertising channels including Facebook, Google, and Bing as well as being able to handle online advertising for companies if they choose. AdRoll AdRoll  let’s customers create ads with CRM data, expanding the reach of your ads and options to personalize ads for your audience. SEM Rush SEM Rush  has some PPC functionality including the ability to manage and optimize keyword lists using Google Ad Words. Adwords Performance Grader WordStream created a free Adwords Performance Grader  which allows users to grade things like account activity, click through rates and wasted spend through their AdWords account. Adstage.io Adstage.io  is an all in one tool that tracks your organization's paid search and social search across multiple channels. It also builds automated custom reports that users can download at any time.

European Law Free movements of goods (EU project) Essay

European Law Free movements of goods (EU project) - Essay Example This paper aims at critically discussing the implication of this statement through the use of decided cases and other resources. Dassonville also referred to as Procureur du Roi v Benoà ®t and Gustave Dassonville was a case that took place in the European Court of Justice. Dassonville was focused at reversing the provisions of the Royal Decree and the arguments of Procureur du Roi regarding the selling of spirits in Belgium. Belgian Act of 1927 indicated that destinations of spirit’s origins are subject to the government and such destinations of origin are officially adopted1. The Royal Decree of 1934 indicates that it is prohibited on pain of penal sanctions to display, import, display for sale, or transport for the purpose of sale, or delivery, spirits that bears a designation of origin duly adopted by the government if the spirits are not accompanied by official documents that indicate the right to such destination. Notable aspect to note is that the destination of origin Scotch whisky has been adopted by the Belgian Government. The implications of these provisions are clearly depicted in Dassonvil le case. Gustave Dassonville, an established wholesaler based in France and Benoit his son who was the business manager situated in Belgium, imported Scotch whisky which they referred to as Johnie Walker and Vat 69. Gustave had purchased the brands from the French distributors2. In order to ensure that they are sold in Belgium and that they are in line with the Royal Decree, Gustave affixed labels that had the printed words â€Å"British Customs Certificate of Origin†. This was then followed by hand written notes of the date as well as the number of the French excise bond on the permit register. The excise bond was the official permit adopted by French as the method of accompanying brands that bearded a destination of origin. However, the French government does not require a certificate that indicates the