Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today...

Charles M. Menne Composition Mrs. Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefully help new players who are looking for an edge on the competition to refrain from the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Along with the harmful side effects players can experience from anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse, it also hurts the integrity of professional sports as a whole. Allowing players access to intervention programs and treatment can help to curb the widespread use of AAS. My goal in this paper is to show what anabolic-androgenic steroids are, why they impact sports in a negative way, and why they give professional athletes an unfair advantage and shouldn’t be a factor in sports. Anabolic-androgenic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs has always been a forbidden thing in sports, but have just recently come into the spotlight again. According to Machado and Cortez-Pinto, â€Å"Anabolic–androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, the main male sex hormone† (280). Athletes mainly take anabolic-androgenic steroids toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Use of Steroids in Baseball4327 Words   |  18 PagesUse of Steroids in Baseball Since Major League Baseball all-star Ken Caminiti openly admitted to Sports Illustrated to have used steroids during his career, steroid use as a muscle and performance enhancer has been uncovered and become a big issue Major League Baseball is wrestling with. The â€Å"ongoing and delicate subject, baseball’s dirty, little secret that is no secret anymore,† is a huge and growing problem (Curry B20). Now that light has been shed on the issue, critics are beginning toRead MoreDrugs Are Bad Or Bad?2007 Words   |  9 PagesDrugs are bad, Mmkay? What doesn t kill us makes us stronger right? Well that s what athletes of this generation believe. They think if steroids or human growth hormones don t kill us and cause us to become stronger then it s totally worth it. Performance enhancement drugs are very harmful to a person s body and can cause huge Problems in an individual s life. Someone can have just a hint of these substances in their system from that time they tore a muscle and needed that edge to come back

The Collapse of Communism in the USSR, Central, and...

The collapse of communism in the USSR and Central and Eastern Europe Before we move on to our essay on to analyse The Collapse of Communism in USSR and Central and Eastern Europe and the reasons behind its collapse, we should discuss and understand the definition of Communism. â€Å" Communism is a social system in which all the resources, economic activities are owned by state or country. † It is a system in which wealth is dispersed equally among the people and there is no private ownership of the resources and wealth. The state owns and controls resources and property. Soviet model of communism was based on these ideals, all the opposition parties were banned only who shared the communist ideals were allowed. Complete power was into the hands of the Communist party. In 1917, the Soviet Union witnessed the Bolshevik Revolution which overthrew the czarism and a communist state was born. The Central and Eastern Europe nations followed USSR and adopted communism, with their leaders directly under the command and control of the Soviet Union. Communism was doomed from the start due to the moral weakness of human mankind and the corruption of its leaders. The first reason which played role in the failure and collapse of communism was the fact that the Communist partys domination was illegitimate from the beginning. Eastern European countries did the revolution have the supp ort of more than a minority of people, yet this minority retained absolute control. The communistShow MoreRelatedCollapse Of The Soviet Union Inevitable1334 Words   |  6 Pages Final Draft: Collapse of the Soviet Union Was the collapse of the Soviet Union inevitable? Kenneth Mejia U.S. History Period 5 5/18/201 Throughout history, war has been the most common resort for nations to solve problems or show off their strength. 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And if the USSR would break through these political barriers, the rest of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and even India would be in peril. In other words- there would be an obvious dominance of Communism, which could not be allowed, as it would disrupt the growing idyll of capitalism and democracy. The only way that Greece and Turkey may be saved is with the intervention of the USA. USA had to contribute to the suspension of communism, because GreatRead MoreThe Legacy Of A Free Market Economy Essay2380 Words   |  10 Pagesto revive their country. This opposition was enabled by another policy of Gorbachev’s–Glasnost, which allowed the citizens to openly criticize the government. This growing discontent due to the handling of domestic issues by Gorbachev impacted the collapse of the Soviet Union by further debilitating the economy and raising opposition to the Soviet model as the people saw it no longer was prosperous nor able to sustain the needs of the nation and its citizens. Thus, while external factors played a roleRead MoreThe Soviet Union Responsible For The Consolidation Of Communism1776 Words   |  8 Pageswhat extent was the Soviet Union responsible for the consolidation of communism in Eastern Europe in the period 1945-1953? Introduction During the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet Union was primarily responsible for the consolidation of communism in Eastern Europe. †¢ It was in the spring of 1948 that the Soviet Union had aggressively pushed for the imposition of Communist rule in most East European nations o Eastern Europe under Communist rule was comprised of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, PolandRead More The Collapse of the Soviet Union Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe Collapse of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was a global superpower, possessing the largest armed forces on the planet with military bases from Angola in Africa, to Vietnam in South-East Asia, to Cuba in the Americas. When Mikhail Gorbachev succeeded Konstantin Chernenko as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, nobody expected than in less than seven years the USSR would disintergrate into fifteen separate states. GorbachevsRead MoreCold War Final Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesconcluded and another one just begun. Even though there was not a direct military campaign between two key adversaries, the Cold War continued roughly about 45 years. It is named Cold because there was no actual fighting took place, but both the U.S. and USSR were bulking up their militaries to attack as if they had been or infiltrated or attacked. 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The Second World War left the majority of European states in serious economic trouble; ‘economies were suffering with open and repressed inflation, disruptive food and raw material shortages’, and the destruction of industry from bombing left production stagnant, consequently leading to the collapse of trade and widespread commodity hoarding in Europe. The political state of the continent was therefore volatile, as Europe cooperation struggledRead MoreThe Perestroika Reform And Glasnost Policy Programs1716 Words   |  7 Pageslead to the collapse of the Soviet Union and failure of communism in Eastern Europe. This essay will focus on how the Perestroika reform and Glasnost policy programs as well as other external and internal pressures contributed to the failure of communism under Gorbachev. The aim of the Perestroika and Glasnost reforms was to restructure and strengthen the Soviet political and economic system and provide more freedom and democracy within the Soviet Union while strengthening Communism. However, these

Biology 1202 Notes Free Essays

Thursday January 17 Mastering biology course id=MBPOLLACK01639 Life first appeared on earth about 4 billion years ago Origin of life is a hypothesis not a theory Very little oxygen in early earths atmosphere Spontaneous generation of life- random formation of life Millions of species on earth, up to 100 million the expirement of miller and urey showed what? test question a few centuries ago: eople thought that new living things appeared all of the time(spontaneous generation of life) ex: mold growing on food in the mid 1800s Louis Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life he basically left something out but sealed it off and nothing grew on it, then he left it out without being sealed and stuff grew the cell theory- all existing cells come from pre-existing cells about 50 trillion cells make up the human body but all came from the single diploid cell formed from conception conditions on early earth: tmosphere- similar to Jupiter today, no free oxygen, frequent storms with lots of lightning, volcano eruptions, meteor impacts, UV light from the sun, no ozone layer earth before life arose: about 4. 6 billion years old, known because of radiometric dating of meteorites and moon rocks life arose about 3. 8 billion years ago, known because of chemical traces in the rocks, fossilized bacteria was found in rocks 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology 1202 Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 billion years ago no spontaneous generation now but must have happened then how to assemble a living thing: accumulation of organic molecules atalyze reactions reproduce from stored genetic info separate the living thing from the outside environment 3 domains of life- bacteria, archaea, eukarya proteins are needed to synthesize more DNA DNA is used to synthesize RNA which is used to make protein†¦DNA-RNA-Protein Ribozymes: RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions, especially those involved in synthesis and processing of RNA itself Conclusion- earliest cells used RNA to store info Ribozymes used to catalyze reactions Thursday January 24th Our species has been here for about 200,000 years PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION Theory- general explanation of natural phenomena, developed through extensive and reproducible observations Hypothesis- tentative explanation of observations, educated guess The origin of species was a book published in 1859 by Charles Darwin Main points of book: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals Natural selection is the mechanism Observation 1-living things tend to reproduce as quickly as possible. Observation 2-constant population size over time (carrying capacity) Inference- competition for survival; differential reproductive success â€Å"I don’t like dogs. They all smell like dogs and poop on my lawn† variability in structures and behaviors all of this leads to natural selection, organisms best suited to an environment leave the most offspring evolution- the genetic makeup of a population changes over time, driven by natural selection evolution- a change in the allele frequency of a population over time study pakicetus slide 1/29/13 homologous structures suggest common ancestry some homologous structures look different today because of divergent evolution 300 million years ago is when we started to see the type of mammalian limbs similar to the structure today analogous tructures=convergent evolution analogous structure do NOT suggest common ancestry similar environmental forces select for similar structures in unrelated organisms vestigial structures- rudimentary form of and organ more fully formed in ancestor â€Å"evolutionary baggage† vestigial structures are a type of homologous structure WHAT IS DARWINS POINT ON EAR? ON TEST Developmental biology- the biology of studying organisms from the unicellular stage onward WATCH DARWIN VIDEO All living things have DNA and transcribe it into RNA using amino acids Artificial selection- insecticides, antibiotics etc. Know 3 types of natural selection 1. irectional selection 2. stabilizing selection 3. disruptive selection 1/31/13 evolution of populations GregorMendel- monk who did pea expirements and shed light on the rules of inheritance He worked at the same time as Darwin but his work was overlooked until the 20th century The modern synthesis(early 1940s) – a conceptual synthesis of Darwinian evolution, mendelian inheritance, and modern population genetics Evolution- a change in phenotypic constitution of a population owing to a situation on heritable variation among pheneotypes that changes the genotypic constitution of the population Phenotype- all expressed traits of an organism Genotype- the entire genetic makeup of an individual Evolution-a change in allele frequency in a population(change in the gene pool) Population genetics-examines the frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles within a population Hardy-weinberg equilibrium- the pop genetics theorem that states that the frequencies of alleles and enotypes in a population will remain constant unless acted upon by non-mendelian processes Allele frequencies- under strict mendelian inheritance, allele frequencies would remain constant from on generation to the next(hardy-weinberg equilibrium) If there is no change in allele frequency there is no evolution Biological species concept- a population whose members can potentially interbreed in NATURE to produce viable reproductive offspring Reproductive barriers- isolate populations from one another Speciation- the process by which new species form EXAM 1 Two requirement for speciation- reproductive isolation of populations(gene flow significantly reduced) and genetic divergence(divergent evolution) Tuesday feb 5 Convergent evolution- no common ancestor with that trait, similar environmental things caused the same evolution Divergent evolution- comes from common ancestors but over time the trait changes Proto means before External barriers Skin-physical barrier to microbial entry, inhospitable environment for growth; dry, dead cells at surface ; sweat/sebaceous glands secreting acids and natural antibiotics like lactic acid Mucuous mebranes of respiratory and digestive tracts well-defined; secretions have antibacterial enzymes Cilia-line the inside of trachea; epithelial cells-smokers cough is from lack of cilia Stomach; if microbes are swallowed, acids(low pH) and protein-digesting enzymes destroy them Lines of defense: Nonspecififc internal defense: Phagocytosis cells: white blood cells in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape,destroy microbes by phagocytosis-search out bacteria, viral particles, cellular debris-produced in bone marrow. Target stuff that is not in your cells **questions about lymphatic system on exam natural killer cells- white blood cells that destroy body cells infected by viruses and cancerous cells by punching hole in them inflammatory response- caused by large scale microbial invasion through a wound istamine released in response to damage which leads to an increased blood flow at and around the wound in order to wash out the wound. Which leads to inflammation other chemicals- macrophages blood clotting fever= response to microbes establishing major infection. Low grade fever 100-102 can be beneficial slows down microbial reproduction enhances immune system immune response- reaction to specific type of microbe and provides future protection. Involves 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes-B cells and T cells B cells mature in bone marrow T cells are born in marrow but mature in thymus /26/13 humeral cells is same as B cells its called specific immune response because only the cell with the appropriate antibody responds 23,00 coding genes in our genome 3 types of amino acids- hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ones that can make hydrosulfide bridges most proteins form well with other proteins an antibody is made of four different types of proteins so it takes 4 specific proteins for it to react? Immune system distinguishes self from non self by destroying cells that respond to the body’s own molecules Body randomly makes 100,000,000 different antibodies antigen can bind to 1 specific antibody epitope- the three different site where antibodies can bind on a single antigen allergies: type of immune response allergen-recognized as a foreign antigen and binds to B cell – coordinated by the humoral immunity response B cell makes plasma cells, releasing allergy antibodies into the bloodstream Antibodies bind to histamine-containing cells in connective tissue Cells release histamine causing inflammatory response such as mucus 1. irst exposure to pollen stimulates B cells to produce allergy plasma cell 2. plasma cells produce allergy antibodies 3. allergy antibodies bind to mast cells 4. re-exposure to pollen results in pollen binding to allergy antibodies on mast cells 5. binding f pollen stimulates mast cells to release histamine, triggering the inflammatory response allergy medication antihistamines others inhibit production of histamine producing cells people without allergies lack genes for allergy-causing antibodies, or produce less of the antibody ormation of a pimple acne develops as a result of blockages In follicles formation of a plug or keratin and sebum(made of fat and the debris of dead fat-producing cells) the natural occurring bacteria propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation the white blood cells build up(forming a whitehead) and then destroy (by phag ocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection chicken pox and shingles caused by same virus symptoms are very different after you have had the chicken pox, you become immune to the virus. It is impossible that you may have a slight reaction after re-exposure, such as a few spots and a slight fever. However, you will not get a full blown case of chicken pox more than once shingles: causing agent for herpes zoster is varicella zoster virus, a double stranded DNA virus most people are infected with this virus as children, and suffer from an episode of chickenpox the immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord or the ganglion semilunare in the base of the skull How to cite Biology 1202 Notes, Essay examples

Fluorescent and Nonfluorescent Cytosolic †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Fluorescent and Nonfluorescent Cytosolic. Answer: Introduction Wounds are common symptoms in skin caused by surgery or traumas. The coordinated process of wound healing restores functional barrier and epithelium integrity through blood coagulation, inflammation, in re-epithelialization caused by migration of keratinocytes, tissue formation by granulation and finally remodeling of the tissue. Integrins receptors play an essential role in all events of wound and scar healing by the forming and regulation cell adhesion (Weber et al., 2012). In this following report, we will design an experimental model in order to discuss the role of specific function-blocking integrin antibodies in healing and reducing the scars formed by burns through scarless invivo mechanism. During the process of wound healing the, cell interaction occurs with ECM molecules in the wound comprising the integrin receptors. Evidence has showed that integrins bind with various ECM molecules and alternately the various integrin heterodimers recognizes the ECM molecules management. Therefore, based on their specific overlapping and compensating functions, many integrin based knockout animals have displayed phenotypes of wound healing. Many extensive interactions are found in the different cells of wound healing. The major components that play a key role during the interactions are ECM proteins and integrins (Olczyk, Mencner Komosinska-Vassev, 2014). The functions of some of the specific integrin antibodies that play a vital role in wound healing are provided below: Integrin Expressed wound cells Ligands present in Wounds Cellular functions during wound healing Wound phenotypes present in animal models M2 Macrophages, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells Fibrinogen, plasminogen ICAMs, heparin, FN, LMs, COL I, uPAR, CCN1/Cyr6, CCN2/CTGF This integrin in mediates in leukocyte extravasations throughout the endothelium that promotes fibrinolysis and clears the fibrin clots aided by monocytes and neutrophils complied with uPar along with its ligand uPA Mediates the attenuation of deposited granulated tissue and re-epithelialization of wound found in Mintegrin knockout mice X2 Monocytes, dentritic cells macrophages and NK Fibrinogen, various ICAMs, COL I, OPN and heparin Involved in the mechanism of leukocyte extravasations No data available related to wound healing L2 Expressed in all leukocytes ICAMs, JAM-1 and lumican Causes the leukocyte extravasations throughout the endothelium No data available related to wound healing E7 T-lymphocytes and dentritic cells E-cadherin Also involved in leukocyte extravasations Involved in causing inflammation in skin lesions found in Eintegrin knockout model of mice but no data are available with respect to wound healing Source: (Koivisto et al., 2014) Thus, in order to understand the mechanism of the specific integrins tabulated above in the process of wound healing, an experimental model based on scarless in vivo is designed involved in healing the wounds due to burn. To experimental model was conducted through evaluation of three processes for proposing the animal model successfully in vivo such as indirect Immunofluorescence microscopy, Light microscopy and Western blot analysis management. In indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, light microscope combined with fluorescence microscope is used to identify the target molecules by visualizing the specificity of antibodies towards their antigen by marking with fluorescent dye such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (Atale et al., 2014). Another procedure that will be implemented in this experiment will be through light microscopy which is used to magnify small samples with the use of visible light and lenses (Tomer et al., 2014). And finally, western blot analysis will also be done to successfully evaluate the experimental study. In western blot proteins are detected and analyzed. The proteins are separated from the gel into a membrane through the process of electrophoresis and are specifically visualized (Eaton et al., 2013). 2-month-old male and female C57BL/6 mice will be taken. The body weight should be around 2540 grams. The male and female mice should be housed individually. The animals should have access to free drinking water and standard chow. They should be maintained on a cycle of 12 hours light and darkness. The study will be carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations by the Australian Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Guinea Pigs and Rabbits. The protocol will be approved by Australianand New Zealand Society forLaboratory AnimalScience (Whittaker, 2014). A single surgery will be performed under Xylasine or Ketamine anesthesia, and all efforts will be maintained to reduce the animal suffering. In vivo scar healing experiment Even burn wounds will be ensured by shaving off the hair on the dorsum. The dorsum is considered as an ideal choice because it becomes difficult for the mice to reach the wound area and create further injuries in that region. The mouse will be placed on its back in a plastic frame template, and a window will expose a predetermined skin surface area. The exposed area from the template will be immersed in a water bath at 100C for 8 seconds. This will inflict a thickness burn (Domergue, Jorgensen Nol, 2015). The mice will be observed for any pain or discomfort signs and will be treated with buprenorphine if required. The temperature of water bath and the exposure time can vary. The healing process will be monitored and evaluated for many days during the first week under a slit lamp and then once every week. Unwounded skin from identical locations of WT and FMOD/animals were collected as controls. Tissue samples for histology will be bisected between two 40 nylon sutures and they will be fixed in 10% formalin (Wosgrau et al., 2015). After fixation, the samples will be dehydrated. They will be embedded in paraffin followed by and 5-m section cuts for HE staining. Indirect Immunofluorescence Microscopy For frozen sections, the tissues will be frozen in OCT, 5m sections will be cut.Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) will be performed. The primary antibodies will be used on the mounts incubated at 4C overnight: M2, L2 and E7. Secondary that is conjugated to either rhodamine or fluorescein will be used with blocking conditions. The incubation period of the sections will be 1 hour in room temperature. Donkey antihuman IgG or donkey antirat IgG will be used (Stelzer, 2015). Sections will be cover slipped DAPI mounting media followed by examination under a confocal microscope or fluorescence microscope with a digital camera. We will run negative controls where there was omission of primary antibodies. We will observe at least 3 tissues per antibody. The captured images on the confocal microscope will be evaluated with software for image analysis like Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD or Image Pro Plus v.7. The tissues will be fixed either in 4% paraformaldehyde for HE (hematoxylin-eosin) or Karnovsky's with strength for TEM (transmission electron microscopy). For TEM,the scarred tissues, 6090 ? thick will be cut on ultramicrotome and examined under an electron microscope. For HE, we will cut and stain 6-m sections. The sections will be examined under a light microscope that has a digital camera fitted with it. Western Blot Analysis Epithelial tissue will be scraped from the mice after scarring it in by using a water bath following euthanization management. The tissues will be subjected to flash freezing in liquid nitrogen. Furthermore, they will be processed for Western blot analysis. Eight sections of tissues will be used for each experiment. Tissues will be homogenized and lysed. Protein will be subjected to purification and assay using Biorad; Hercules, CA. Total proteins will be loaded in equal amounts on a nonreducing Tris-glycine gel (4%20%). The proteins will be transferred to an Immobilon-P or Millipore membrane which will be stained with Sigma or Ponceau S. This will check transfer efficiency (Taylor Posch, 2014). Membranes will be blocked with TBS containing 5% milk and probed with the primary antibodies M2, L2 and E7and will be incubated at 4C overnight. These membranes will be incubated with a secondary antibody that is conjugated with HRP at room temperature for 1 hour: donkey antihuman IgG (M2) o r donkey antirabbit IgG (E7). Chemiluminiscence with Millipore will be used to visualize immunoreactive bands. The same procedure will be repeated thrice. ImageJ v.1.5 software will be used to measure the intensity of the bands. Prism 5.0 will be used to plot the fold enhancement values. Conclusion Thus from the following discussion, an experimental design can thus be constructed in order to study the underlying mechanism of some specific integrins involved in improving the healing and thereby reduce the scar formed in burns. From this experiment it can be detected whether the specific integrins have been upregulated inside the epithelium during the healing of burn scars in mice. This will provide evidence for understanding the mechanisms of excessive scarring and wounds. It will help to design novel therapeutic approaches and interventions that will utilize integrins as targets for scar reduction. References Atale, N., Gupta, S., Yadav, U. C. S., Rani, V. (2014). Cell?death assessment by fluorescent and nonfluorescent cytosolic and nuclear staining techniques.Journal of microscopy,255(1), 7-19. Domergue, S., Jorgensen, C., Nol, D. (2015). Advances in research in animal models of burn-related hypertrophic scarring.Journal of Burn Care Research,36(5), e259-e266. Eaton, S. L., Roche, S. L., Hurtado, M. L., Oldknow, K. J., Farquharson, C., Gillingwater, T. H., Wishart, T. M. (2013). Total protein analysis as a reliable loading control for quantitative fluorescent Western blotting.PloS one,8(8), e72457. Koivisto, L., Heino, J., Hkkinen, L., Larjava, H. (2014). Integrins in wound healing.Advances in wound care,3(12), 762-783. Olczyk, P., Mencner, ?., Komosinska-Vassev, K. (2014). The role of the extracellular matrix components in cutaneous wound healing.BioMed research international,2014. Stelzer, E. H. (2015). Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy for quantitative biology.Nature methods,12(1), 23-26. Taylor, S. C., Posch, A. (2014). The design of a quantitative western blot experiment.BioMed research international,2014. Tomer, R., Ye, L., Hsueh, B., Deisseroth, K. (2014). Advanced CLARITY for rapid and high-resolution imaging of intact tissues.Nature protocols,9(7), 1682. Weber, C. E., Li, N. Y., Wai, P. Y., Kuo, P. C. (2012). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-, and osteopontin in wound healing and tissue remodeling after injury.Journal of burn care research: official publication of the American Burn Association,33(3), 311. Whittaker, A. (2014). Animal research regulation in Australia-does it pass the test of robustness?. Wosgrau, A. C. C., da Silva Jeremias, T., Leonardi, D. F., Pereima, M. J., Di Giunta, G., Trentin, A. G. (2015). Comparative experimental study of wound healing in mice: pelnac versus integra.PloS one,10(3), e0120322.